Identifying Prickly Pear Opuntias (E-R)
Opuntias are the pricklly pear cacti. The plant is composed of flat pads. Glochids are present at the aeroles. Large spines are usually, but not always present. Classification at the species level is often difficult. The opuntias hybridize creating intergradations between species. For example, in the west foothills of the Sandia Mountains at 6,200 foot elevation Opuntia engelmanii, Opuntia polycantha, and Opuntia erinacea are common. Clear examples of each species abound. Examples of species with characteristics intermediate between erinacea and polycantha are also observed. Similiar descriptions are noted in many references.
To differentiate between species the most important characteristic is location, second is elevation. Where is this prickly pear observed? Next most important is the overall plant size and height. After considering the above the characteristics below can be considered in sequence.
fragilis Brittle Pricklypear. |
ficus-indica India Fig or Tuna |
macrocentra (violacea) Black Spined or Purple Pricklypear |
macrorhiza
|
microdasys | occidentalis |
Brown Spined Pricklypear |
pinkave |
pottsii Pott's Pricklypear. |
rufida Blind Pricklypear. |
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E Utah, Co, Wy, and north. NW NM, NE Az. |
South central arizona | Big Bend thru S NM to E Central Arizona. | Big swath, central texas Ok, south Ks, South 2/3 Co., N NM, E AZ, El Paso area. | restricted to south central Arizona | Southern Ca almost to Arizona line. | W Texas, S. Colorado, NM, N Az, S Utah, S Nev. type loc santa fe creek nm | Throught southwest except sw arizona. | very local N AZ, Southern Ut. | El Paso area, strip across S NM, SE arizona. | Big Bend area of Texas | |
Habit | low matted, 2-10 cm. stem segments break off easily. 0-7,800 feet. |
Tree, 3-6 meters. Trunk to 45 cm. Cultivated. | shrub to 1 m. | clumps 8-16 cm. | erect to sprawling to 1 meter,stem segments small. | shrubs to 1.5 meters. | shrub, decumbent to trailing, 0.3-1m. Mean 0.5 meter | low shrub 10-25 cm. mean 16 cm. | low ascending to prostrate, 10-35 cm, mean 19 cm. |
Shrubs, clumps to 0.4 meter. | shrubs or small trees 0.5 to 1.5 meters. mean 1 meter. |
Pad Size | 2-5.5 by 1.5-3.0 cm. mean 3.3x2 cm. almost cylindrical. |
4-60x2-3 cm. mean 15x3xm. |
7-20 x 6-18 cm., mean 12x10 cm. | 5-11x3.5-7.5 cm. mean 7x5 cm. | 7-10x4-8 cm. mean 8x6 cm. |
19-35x14-18 cm, mean 25 x16 cm. | 10-25 by 7-20 cm. mean 16 cm x12 cm. | 4-27x2-18 cm, mean 11 cmx6 cm. | 6-15 x 3-11 cm. mean 9 cm. x 5 cm. | 5-20x4-8 cm., mean 10x6 cm. usually distal 40% of stem. |
10-18x 5-25 cm, mean 13 cm. x 11 cm. |
Aeroles | 3-5 across midstem. | 7-11 across midstem, mean 9. | 6-8 across midstem | 5-6 across midstem. | 11-16 across midstem. | 5-7 across midstem | 5-7 across midstem. | 4-14 across midstem, mean 8.at all or only distal aeroles. | 7-8 per midstem. | 4-6 per diagonal row. | 8-13 per midstem. mean 10. |
large Spines |
3-8 per aerole, spreading. | Very variable, 1-6 per aerole or absent. | 0-15 per aerole. | 0-4 usually in distal aeroles. | none | 3-6 per aerole | 2-6 per aerole may be at only distal, may be twisted. | two types, 1. 0-18 per aerole, mean 5 or 2. major 1-5, minor 5-11, | 1-3 per aerole. | 1-6 per midstem . | none |
Pad Surface | Bright green, aeroles look extruded. | dark dull green, often wrinkled. | dusky green, wrinkled | ||||||||
Spine length |
to 10 mm. | with bristles, 1-10 mm, mean 3 mm. | 30-120 mm, mean 60 mm. | to 60 mm. | none | 20-50 mm. | Major spines 30-80 mm, secondary 20 mm. | major 20-150, minor 4-16 mm, mean 50 mm. major, 8 mm. minor | 50-70 mm, mean 60 mm. | to 60 mm. sometimes spirally twisted. | -------- |
Glochids | cresent at adaxial margin. inconspicous, 3 mm. | adaxial aerole margin | dense adaxial cresent, subapical tuft. | dense tuft | fill aerole | cresent at adaxial edge, subapical tuft. | dense adaxial cresent, subapical tuft. | tidy cresent at adaxial edge of aerole. | dense adaxial cresent. sometimes in columns. | adaxial tuft. | nearly fill aerole. |
flower Color Size |
yellow to basally red 23 mm. |
yellow to orange 25-50 mm. |
yellow, red basal. 25-40 mm. |
yellow with red bases. 25-40 mm. |
yellow 25-30 mm. |
yellow to pink to 50 mm. |
yellow w red basal portions. 35 mm. |
yellow to magenta 25-40 mm. |
magenta throughout 25-35 mm. |
red or red basal. 25-35 mm. |
yellow 25-38 mm. |
Filaments Anther |
white to red yellow |
yellow yellow |
yellowish yellowish |
yellow yellow |
white yellowish |
yellow yellow |
green to pale yellow yellow |
white yellow red, magenta. yellow |
yellow, red-orange,magenta yellow |
pale yellow yellow. |
whitish yellow |
Stigma Style |
lobes green white |
lobes yellow bright red |
green cream |
cream to yellowish white |
dark green white |
green pink |
green to yellow green. yellow |
white to pale pink green |
lobes green white |
cream to yellow whitish. |
dark green green. |
Fruit Spines |
dry, 15x11mm. short on distal aeroles. |
yellow, orange, purple,50-100x40-90 mm. spineless. |
red to purplish, juicy. 30x20 mm. spineless. |
green to yellowish dull red. green to yellowish, fleshy. no spines. |
red, fleshy spineless |
red purple, juicy, spineless, 50x35 mm. |
red to purple, greenish flesh, 40x25 mm. spineless |
tan to brown, dry. distal spines. |
tan, dry distal spines. |
green to yellowish red fleshy spineless. 25-40x15-40 mm. |
red with green flesh 25x 18 mm. spineless. |
Location | Barren areas in grass and woodlands, inconspicuous, north of Northern Az and NM, east of Nevada. | cultivated in southern arizona. | deserts, oak grasslands, rocky hills and valleys, 2,700-5,000 feet. |
plains, grassy woodlands, 300-7,500 feet. |
South Central Arizona, widely cultivated 5,500-7,000 feet. |
southwest Ca almost to Arizona line, 40-1600 feet. coastal shrub and chapparral. |
widespread, west texas, NM, South Co, N Az, S Utah, South Nev, SE Ca. | throughout southwest, most widely distributed platypuntia. | very local North central Az, South Central Utah. PJ woodlands, red, sandy, limestone, 4,500 feet to 5,000 feet. |
sandy soils, 3,000-6,000 feet. | volcanic flats, calcerous soils, 1,900 to 3,800 feet. |
Seeds
|
tan to grey, 6 mm. | tan 4.5 mm. | yellowish 7x4 mm. | tan 4.5 mm. | tan, 1.1 mm. | tan, 4.5 mm. | tan to grey 4 mm. | tan 7mm, warped. | tan 4.5 mm, warped. | yellow, 3 mm. | |
Varieties | none | none | none | none | none | five | none | none | none | ||
hybrids
|
with engelmanii | widely hybridizes.with aureispina, ficus india, littoralis. | many |
with aurea. | some halfway to macrorhiza in arizona. |